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#4357v3.1 Revised 1 November 2001 but certainly not perfected yet.
Human Electromagnetic Field seems to play a part in finding subterranean drainage tiles.
To understand the basic theory behind cross products, click on this movie (if the link works) showing that the electrons on the wire are each pushed in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which they are moving in relation to the magnetic field caused by the magnet.
Please feel free to Email me at: lawyerdude@earthlink.net
Challenges and questions:
I have skipped right to the heat of the debate. To find the limitations and qualification of what I hypothesize, please see what I have written following the questions.
Challenges and frequently asked questions about using 2 wires to find drainage tiles:
Challenge: The human body produces no magnetic field: Answer: Dr. Becker in his book "The Body Electric" seems to think that there is a magnetic field around the human. Also, I think that the EKG machine measures electrical potential across the body. Also, you can simply walk toward a radio and observe the interference with reception.
Challenge: "You are subconsciously moving the rods". My answer: Okay, we'll go to the right place and you try to keep the rods from moving. You will find that they are propelled and the propulsion is strong enough to resist moderate restraint. I plan to measure this rotating force by using of a string attached near the pivot point to indirectly measure the torque.
Question: Can you do it using a non-human device to hold the rods. Answer: I don't know. If it works without a human then we know that the electrical field of the human might indeed play no part in the phenomenon, but I think that we will find that the human electrical field - or some charging field - is essential.
Question: If it is Hall Effect then why don't both rods move in the same direction. Answer: Hall effect moves them but a stronger effect causes them to be attracted to each other. This is the same effect that draws a piece of iron to a magnet. In a magnetic field, ferromagnetic particles want to clump together - and that phenomenon is not limited to ferromagnetic materials.
Question: Why do you use brazing rods which are not pure steel? Can you use non-iron rods. Answer: I don't know and I need to experiment. However, the Hall effect is not a ferromagnetic effect - and neither is the tendency of the cores to move together. I am using cores for lack of the correct term which would be he opposite of a diamagnetic material - maybe a paramagnetic material.
Synopsis: In Illinois and other farm country, farmers have for generations drained the soil using porous vitreous clay pipe sections. With great effort farmers dug trenches to precise depths generally 2 to 4 feet deep - although we found some 7 feet deep in 1999 - presumably placed by machine. By hand they placed foot long sections of red porous vitreous clay pipe in these trenches and then covered them back up. Generally they installed tile until they reached a creek or a larger tile into which their branch would drain.
In the spring the fields drained by these porous pipe sections would be devoid of surface water and be fit for planting earlier. The problem arises generations later when water standing in the field indicates that a drainage tile has broken (from heavy tractors on shallow tile) or plugged (sometimes by an unfortunate raccoon whose curiosity proved to be his undoing). Now the farmer must find that buried tile and furthermore he must find the damaged section. You can start at the place where the tile drains into the creek and use a 4 foot pointed rod to poke down until you knock on the tile - but that is tedious - and impossible where the tile is 7 feet deep - which is why I needed to use crossed wires to find tile - our standard method of probing with a 4 foot probe was not adequate. Therefore farmers (generally not the same farmers who installed the tile - but sometimes the same farmers) routinely find the location of buried tile by holding 2 bents steel/ brass brazing rods and walking across the suspected path of the tile. The rods will cross when the farmer is above the subterranean tile - and then will uncross as he back up or moves forward from being on top of the tile. This practice is called witching for water. I contend that it is completely scientific and based on well known principles of electromagnetism. Two of these principles are displayed in children's toys. There is a toy where steel shavings are encased above a drawing of a face. The child uses a magnet to drag the shavings to build a moustache or apply hair to the face. The 2nd toy is the electromagnet built by winding insulated wire around a steel (not stainless steel) bolt and applying a small voltage from a flashlight battery.
In order to understand the science of this phenomena, you must learn a vocabulary and several engineering principles. Here is the vocabulary. The principles are listed below.
Vocabulary/ Glossary
Horizontal pendulums - an incorrect term implying the wrong explanation. Magnetomometer would be a more accurate term. The two brazing rods that we use to search for "tile" ("tile" is what farmers call shallow porous subterranean vitreous clay man made previously installed water drainage pipes) are horizontal pendulums in the parlance of those folks who think of witching as magic. A better term for purposes of electromagnetic analysis is "segment of wire". Click the following hyperlink for an explanation of how electrons in a segment of wire are subjected to a force perpendicular to the direction of movement when you push them through the magnetic field caused by the tile. This will take you to lecture notes from the Physics department of the University of Durham in England (this link may not work if the professor has updated his links for the new year). http://qcd2.dur.ac.uk/em/112jpg.html
Right hand rule of induced magnetic field. The right hand rule states that if you wrap insulated wire around a bolt and then apply a small voltage to the wire such that the electrical current rotates in the direction of your curled fingers of your right hand, your thumb will point in the direction of the induced magnetic field.
Right hand rule of induced voltage - cross product rule. If you move an electric wire through a magnetic field, a voltage will be induced in the wire in proportion to the rate of change of the electric field and the number of flux lines cross - or something like that.
Gradient. A perceptible change. If you drive up a hill there is a gradient. There is not much gradient in the earth's magnetic field, but by comparison there is a noticeable gradient in the magnetic field of the subterranean tile.
In order to understand the science of witching for water you must understand the vocabulary above and the following scientific or engineering principles, namely:
1. Ohmstead's rule. ( I could be mistaken about the name of the rule - and I need to review a physics book.) When a charged wire moves across a magnetic field, a "cross-product" causes the wire to rotate. There is a right hand rule associated with this rule - and that is why the wires are more motivated to rotate when you walk faster into the magnetic field.
2. In a uniform magnetic field, steel cores are attracted to one another and move toward one another - which is an effect you can see with battery cable if you cut insulation so that the positive wire and negative wire are not attached to each other. When a heavy current runs through the automotive jumper cables they will swing toward each other - or maybe away.
3. The most complicated aspect of the science is the right hand rule. You must learn to picture the pertinent electric fields. Until I learn to do some drawing on web sites, you may have to rely on your imagination. An electric field induces a magnetic field.
3A: A change in a magnetic field induces a voltage in a wire which cross the changing field. The strength of the voltage is proportional to the change in the magnetic field. This is the principal that permits the coil of your automobile to convert 12 volts into the 30,000 volts that cause the spark plugs to fire. The change in the magnetic field can caused many ways. Example #1: The magnetic field can be changed by disconnecting the battery and permitting the magnetic field to collapse (which is what the points do in a car engine). Example #2 The magnetic field can be changed by walking toward an direct current; you can walk toward one jumper cable - or you can walk toward the stream of ions underground. Example #3 Alternating current causes and alternating magnetic field that induces a voltage in the wires in the proximity of the field - and that is the principle of electric transformers. Generally the core of a transformer is a donut rather than a bolt - because the donut locks in the magnetic field whereas the bolt lets it radiate out - like the poles of the earth.
3B. The direction of the induced voltage is given by the right hand rule.
4 Magnetic fields can change rapidly - - and the dominant magnetic field may induced secondary effects. My theory says tentatively that the magnetic field of the human causes the ends of the two pendulums to both be positively charge - but when the human crosses the subterranean stream of ions the magnetic field from that underground tile overpowers the human magnetic field and causes a magnetic field such that a voltage is induced in the rods so that one end is positive and one is negative. Then when you walk you are inducing a current in these rods which by the cross product and right hand rule causes a torque on the rod which is different in direction due to the induced voltage being opposite in one rod from the other. Then when the rods become aligned, one of them changes polarity so that they try to act like one rod - like the shavings tightly aligning on the middle of the magnetic wand where the steel has condensed the electric field lines.
Magnetic Theory behind Witching (or Dowsing) for Water
Spring is coming and a farmer's thoughts turn to tiling and witching for water. I learned to witch for water in the spring of 1999. Jack Kmetz (an old family friend whom I have known ever since I began helping with farming when I was in high school) from Richards Road, Streator, Illinois, showed me how to witch for water in 1999. Don Bartman from Kinsman sold me the brazing rods and even tested them in his witching laboratory in his hardware store and tractor repair shop Kinsman, Illinois 60470. I have never heard anybody explain how witching works. The articles on the internet were and still are ludicrous. Here is my theory.
Any theory must explain all the following observations of the aspects of the phenomenon:
Observations:
1. It works for me and lots of other folks.
2. When you are directly above the subterranean stream of ions, the wires cross and then when you back up or move forward they uncross. Water contains ions, calcium and iron being 2 very common ions, and therefore it is a stream of moving ions - which is the definition of electricity.
3. It does not work in standing water.
4. Works best in spring when the water is flowing in the subterranean tiles but the soil has dried on the top.
5. Some people can do it better than others.
6. A weak compass detected no magnetic field around the wires and none around me or the air above the subterranean stream of ions.
Doug's Theory of Witching for Water: First: How to witch for water.
Here is how "witching" works:
1. Go to Bartman's hardware store in Kinsman, Illinois 60437 and ask Don Bartman for a witching kit. He will send you right to the welding rod section. Pick out 2 brazing rods. He will tell you to bend them not quite 90degrees(maybe 85 degrees) so that about 9 to 11 inches of the rod is parallel to the axis of your curled fingers. The reminder of the rod is nearly perpendicular to the "handles". Don will even teach you how to witch - because he has a subterranean stream in his shop in Kinsman.
2. Make sure that you are witching in season. The surface must have dried from the sun and the tiles must be running - - although I am not saying that it won't work otherwise (because even a dry tile has ions embedded in the clay - and their magnetic fields are aligned!)
3. Hold the rods so that they point forward and are horizontal. According to my theory the electromagnetic field from some humans will make the rods align themselves parallel and pointing in the direction of your forearms.
4. Now slowly walk toward where you suspect a running field tile may be running. When you cross the tile, the rods will move toward each other and align themselves together. When you walk past the tile and begin to move away from it, the rods will uncross. Ask Jean Swanson and her daughter Debbie. They both remarked that even if they tried to lightly restrain the rods from moving, they nonetheless moved. In other words, for the people who might be tempted to say that the operator moves the rods, Jean and Debbie can confirm that even when the operator tries to restrain the rods, they move. I took some photos, but after the FBI arrested me, my camera remained in the grey pickup truck and I don't know what Greg did with the camera or my other stuff.
6. There is no doubt in my mind that it works. Here is what convinced me: Greg had been unable to find field tiles at the Rosenwinkel farm for years. From my diary - and an email that I distributed: On Monday morning 26 April, 1999, My brother Jerry and I went out to the Vint farm. I had already witched a string of flagged sites and they were in a line. In addition I found an area of tile chips and I flagged all them with bent flags. Then I estimated that the tile would likely be in the line where I got the witching wires to cross . . and in the centroid of the 25 tile chips. I probed only 5 times and Bingo!! I found a tile line - - right where my witching said it would be. I jumped up with my fists clenched in triumph. I shouted "I am the king of all tile!!" Jerry and I both laughed.
Then, toward the end of the project, on 30 April, 1999, we had a perfect day for tiling at Howard Rosenwinkel's farm because the tiles were running but the surface soil was dried by the sun. Jerry Palaschak was running the back hoe and I was witching. We were making excellent progress. The tile was right where I said it would be. Greg was angry because he was using the tile probe - which is slower, harder work. Also, the tile was quite deep because it was going through a hill. Greg became envious that I was making such fast progress - and getting the job done much faster than he could with his tile probe. He eventually fired both Jerry and me, but I digress.
Explanation for Scientists
Simply stated:
1. The stream of water in the tile contains ions.
2. Ions moving in one direction is an electric current. And electric current induces a magnetic field.
3. This subterranean electric current - like all straight line electric currents - produces an electric field with field lines in concentric circles whose tangents are perpendicular to the direction of the tile at the level of the welding rods. I tested the strength of this field with a small compass. It did not register - but my work was very minimal in this area. One might conclude that the earth's magnetic field would cause the rods to pivot together. Perhaps that magnetic field adds to the mix - - and that would make east-west tiles easier to find - because their tangential lines are parallel to the magnetic meridians of the earth - and those of the human operator.
4. The magnetic field permeability of surface water or excessively wet soil diminishes the strength of the subterranean-induced field - for the same reason that submarines don't use CB radios - for the same reason that you can't use your cell phone in a steel building (unless they install inside transmitters): Air is an insulator and permits the field lines to radiate. Conversely, water is a conductor and shrinks the field - like an iron core condenses the field.
5. The human central nervous system works by sending electrical signals down the nerve pathways which generally run axially - they run parallel to the torso and parallel to the extremities including the fingers. The electrical pulses are caused by bursts of ions that are shot from the nerve cell triggering the next cell in the line. Even if the nerves were not firing, there might be some residual alignment of an magnetic field. The human body evolved linearly so that we developed electrical meridians. That is why reflexologists can know things about your organs by the signals coming out of your feet. Just look at the physiology map of the human body in the biology room - and if they don't have such a drawing there, then you might ask for one.
6. When a human holds the welding rods, the rods condense the electric field, like the iron core condenses the magnetic field in an electromagnet. You can wind the wire around a steel bolt or around a wooden dowel of the same size. The bolt will make the stronger magnet because it condenses the force field. The wooden dowel is not effective and that is one of the lessons. Similarly the welding rod condenses the force field around your finger, and turns it 90 degrees so that the rod is like an extension of your forearm except that it can pivot and it condenses the magnetic field produced by your nerves. Some people may have a stronger field than others. Maybe this is one's aura. Kirlian photography photographs something that may be caused by one's magnetic field - similar to the effect where high tension lines cause a current flow along a right hand rule in moist air. Also, the difference in human magnetic field strength may or may not be correlated with W. H. Sheldon's body 3 classifications (endomorph (fat), mesomorph (muscular), and ectomorph (frail)) which are based on the relative dominance of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm in the human embryo. If you want to test the strength of your magnetic field, just walk up to a cheap radio and see how much you interfere with the reception. You may not even need to touch the radio. Also, I would like someday to try to witch for water using a rod holder that is not human and not a conductor; if it works, then that would disprove my hypothesis of human meridians contributing to witching phenomenon.
7. When the human is not above a subterranean stream of ions, then the human magnetic field causes the wires to behave like two relatively short steel hairs on the end of a magnet: they repel each other and generally are parallel. Do you remember that toy where we would make a moustache on the screen by pulling metal shavings with a magnet. The metal shavings repelled. That is why the welding rods "uncross" when you back up or go forward away from the subterranean tile.
8. When the human is above the subterranean moving ion stream, then the wires behave like metal shaving alongside the pole magnet; they condense; they want to be close because they are pulled to the center of the collective field - which collective field is different now because of the addition of the field from the subterranean ion stream. Picture the direction of the field lines. The ends of the wires are closest to the ion stream when they are parallel to each other and to the stream- but they are closest to the sum of the total collective magnetic fields when they are parallel and close to each other because they each affect the other.
8B - and this is the heart of my theory: The action lies in the changes in magnetic field that happen as the human walks toward the magnetic field of the underground stream. Keep in mind that the electric field is like that of half a set of jumper cables. Aha! That is how to test this theory. Run a long wire in a square path big enough that you can view the wire as a single stream of electricity - without the cancellation of the field that happens in a set of jumper cables or an extension cord - or (to perfection) in a co-axial cable. You should be able to mimic the effect by this direct current charged wire. It won't work with alternating current.
When you get close enough to the charged wire, the electric field of the charged wire dominates over the weak field of your human meridians. The rods instantly have opposite polarity from each other (whereas they were identical in polarity when subjected to the magnetic field of your human meridian). When you walk, you are inducing a cross product and they should rotate in opposite directions until they get close to one another.
9. The earth also has a magnetic field and although it generally does not manifest itself strongly, it may or may not contribute to the total magnetic field - but I contend that it adds to the magnetic field and makes it easier to witch water lines that run north and south because their field lines are tangential to the field lines of the earth at the operators hand. The molten iron core of the earth was once rotating as fast as the earth but maybe we are slowing down from "space friction" so that the core at one time may be spinning slightly faster than the earth - like the inside of an unboiled egg - although maybe that is attached to the shell. Well, let's use a different example: a jar of water. If you spin it - like inside your rotating microwave platter - and then suddenly stop the bowl, the water continues to rotate until friction uses up all the energy. The end result is rotating electrons which (by the 4 finger rule) cause the direction of the magnetic field to be axial - the axis of the core of iron - which is almost the axis of the earth. Once the iron had a magnetic charge, it remains charged to some degree. This is the study of hysteresis, but I digress. You can use a compass to attempt to measure the relative strengths of the human magnetic field, the subterranean magnetic field, and the earth's magnetic field. One further reminder: A changing electric field causes a magnetic field and a changing magnetic field (collapsing or expanding) causes an electric field. This is the theory behind transformers. Incidentally, the Rosenwinkel farm is directly under not one, but two parallel sets of high tension electric wires. They sometimes interfere with CB operation when the tractor is under the wires, but they did not noticeably interfere with our witching operation which was done, in part, right under the high tension electric wires.
Additional Details for Students of Science
Witching works by electromagnetic fields. There are two pertinent sources of electromagnetic fields. If you have never build an electromagnet then you need a course in remedial science. Build one. Wrap an insulated wire around a nail or a steel bolt - not stainless steel. Make about a hundred turns. Use a small diameter wire and a low voltage battery or a resistor in series so that you don't melt the wire. Then hook it up to a flashlight battery and observe that the bolt turned into a magnet.
You have just observed the creation of a magnetic field. If you had wrapped another set of wires on the bolt you would have a transformer - but that only works with alternating current. When the current alternates (or decreases to zero) the magnetic field collapses and induces a voltage in the secondary winding.
The general rule of science is this: A current traveling through a wire produces an electric field whose direction is given by the thumb and 4 fingers rule. Point your thumb in the direction of the current. Your 4 curled fingers show the direction of the magnetic field lines. Conversely, curl your fingers in the direction of the wires on the coil and your thumb shows the direction of the magnetic field. This means that a straight current yield circular field lines - and a circular current yield a straight lines. (This straight leg is actually is just on leg/ section of a circle -- which is why magnets keep longer if you concentrate the magnetic flux by closing the circle - which means this: use a torus for the core instead of a bolt for the core - and indeed you will see commercial transformers with a core shaped like a torus. One more thing: Cores are stacked sheets of laminated steel to reduce Eddy currents. Eddy currents are currents of electricity within the core. They cause heat. It is sorta like putting guidance sheets in a water pump to keep the water from churning around and going nowhere.)
Douglas Palaschak